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01 August 2022

01 August 2022 – Daily Mains Answer Writing & Model Answer

Q1. In biotechnology, new areas are opening up, and the utilization of health data can help to improve preventive healthcare. Discuss how biotechnology will change our approach to human health in this context. (250 words)

Paper & Topic: GS III à Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, biotechnology, and issues relating to intellectual property rights.

Model Answer:

Introduction:

Biotechnology is a type of technology that uses biological systems, living creatures, or components of them to generate or produce various goods.
Biotechnology is the use of genetically modified microorganisms, fungi, plants, and animals to produce biopharmaceuticals and biologicals on a large scale.
Therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, bioremediation, waste management, and energy production are all examples of biotechnology applications.
Biotechnology would enable underdeveloped countries to achieve goals that they could never achieve on their own.

Body:

Biotechnology in India Scenario:

India, the world’s 12th largest biotechnology economy and home to the second-highest number of US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA)-approved plants, is not only optimistic about its domestic prospects but also about the rebirth in the US.
According to BioSpectrum, a widely read trade newspaper in India, the Indian bioeconomy increased to $4.3 billion at the end of the 2013 financial year, up from $530 million in 2003.
Despite being focused in Hyderabad and Bengaluru, units are cropping up all throughout the country; there are already 350 enterprises in operation.
The biopharmaceutical sector, which includes vaccines, medical devices, and stem cells, is the key driver of biotechnology growth in India, accounting for over 63 percent of total sales in 2013.

Biotechnology’s Implications for Human Health:

Medications:

Recombinant DNA technology has had a significant impact in the field of medicine.
Recombinant medicines do not cause undesired immunological responses as do similar products obtained from non-human sources, allowing for mass manufacture of safer and more effective therapeutic pharmaceuticals.
Insulin that has been genetically modified
Adult-onset diabetes can be controlled by taking insulin at regular intervals.
Insulin is made up of two short polypeptide chains, chain A and chain B, connected by disulphide bridges.
Insulin is synthesised as a prohormone in mammals, including humans.
The pro-hormone, like a pro-enzyme, must be digested before it can mature into a fully mature and functional hormone) that has an additional stretch termed the C peptide.
The C peptide is absent in mature insulin and is eliminated throughout the maturation process.
The most difficult aspect of employing rDNA technology to produce insulin was getting it assembled into a mature form.
Gene Therapy Is it possible to undergo corrective therapy for a genetic ailment if a person is born with it? This is what gene therapy is attempting to do.
Gene therapy is a set of techniques for correcting a gene abnormality that has been identified in a child or embryo.
To treat an illness, genes are injected into a person’s cells and tissues.
When a genetic abnormality is corrected, a normal gene is delivered into the human or embryo to take over the function of the non-functional gene and compensate for it.
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency treatment
The immune system cannot operate without the adenosine deaminase enzyme.
Adenosine deaminase deficiency is caused by the loss of the adenosine deaminase gene.
Lymphocytes from the patient’s blood are cultivated in a culture outside the body as part of gene therapy.
These cells are then inoculated with a functioning ADA cDNA (through a retroviral vector) and returned to the patient.
However, such genetically altered lymphocytes must be infused into the patient on a regular basis.
A lasting treatment could be achieved if a gene isolate from marrow cells that produces ADA is injected into cells at an early embryonic stage.
Diagnosis at the molecular level
Early diagnosis and understanding of a disease’s pathogenesis are critical for effective therapy.

Early detection is impossible using traditional diagnostic approaches (serum and urine tests, for example:

Recombinant DNA technology,
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and
Enzyme-Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay are some of the tools that can help in early diagnosis (ELISA).
A pathogen’s presence (bacteria, viruses, etc.) is usually suspected only after the infection has caused a clinical symptom.
However, pathogen concentrations in the body are already very high.
Amplification of a bacteria’s or virus’s nucleic acid by PCR can be used in molecular diagnosis to detect very low concentrations of bacteria or viruses.

Obtaining an HIV diagnosis:

In suspected AIDS patients, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is now regularly employed to detect HIV.
It’s also being used to look for gene alterations in cancer patients.
PCR is a strong tool for detecting a wide range of genetic diseases.
In a clone of cells, a single stranded DNA or RNA tagged with a radioactive molecule (probe) is allowed to hybridise with its corresponding DNA.
It is followed by autoradiography detection.
Because the probe does not have complementarity with the mutant gene, the clone with the mutated gene will not appear on the photographic film.
ELISA is based on the antigen-antibody interaction principle.
The presence of antigens (proteins, glycoproteins, etc.) or antibodies synthesised against the pathogen can be used to detect pathogen infection.
CRISPR technology is a simple yet effective method for genome editing.
It enables scientists to readily change DNA sequences and gene function.
CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome-editing mechanism that evolved spontaneously in bacteria.
CRISPR arrays are DNA segments created by bacteria that catch fragments of DNA from invading viruses.
Bacteria can recall viruses thanks to CRISPR arrays.
If the viruses resurface, the bacteria will create RNA segments from the CRISPR arrays to assault the viruses’ DNA.
It’s being studied for a number of diseases, including single-gene diseases like cystic fibrosis, haemophilia, and sickle cell disease.
About stem cell therapy Medical experts believe that stem cell therapy has the potential to revolutionise human illness treatment.
Adult stem cell therapies already exist, including bone marrow transplants for the treatment of leukaemia.
It was a milestone when stem cell transplantation was first utilised to treat blood diseases.
The stem cells that produce blood cells reside in the bone marrow, which is commonly referred to as bone marrow transplantation.

Conclusion:

Every new medicine discovery or approval brings joy to millions of people suffering from terrible diseases while also increasing the worth of biotechnology firms.
The biotechnology business is growing at a rate that rivals the 1990s information technology industry boom, thanks to a complex mix of scientific development and market factors.
India may look forward to a bright future in the biotechnology field, thanks to its young labour and potential market for end-products.

Q2. Examine how satellite-based internet services have evolved in recent years. Analyze its importance in the government’s ambition of creating a Digital India. (250 words)

Paper & Topic: GS III à Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, biotechnology, and issues relating to intellectual property rights.

Model Answer:
Introduction:
The Starlink Network in Lower Earth Orbit (LEO) was launched in 2019 by SpaceX, the world’s foremost private space technology business, with the goal of offering low-cost and reliable space-based internet services to the world.
According to Euroconsult, a renowned satellite consulting organisation, 1,250 spacecraft will be launched per year this decade, with 70% of them being for commercial purposes.

Body:

Need for the Internet in Space:

Ensure that Internet services are now part of humanity’s basic infrastructure and are available at all times.
A wide range of public services are universally available to the world’s inhabitants in every corner of the world.
Approximately 4 billion people, or more than half of the world’s population, do not have dependable Internet connection at this time.
Traditional Internet delivery methods, such as fiber-optic cables or wireless networks, are unable to reach every corner of the globe
In many isolated areas or areas with tough terrain, installing cables or mobile towers is not possible or viable.
One satellite’s signal can cover around a third of the Earth, and three to four satellites would be sufficient to cover the entire planet.
Reducing latency from 600 milliseconds to 20-30 milliseconds.

Initiatives:

In 2020, Starlink plans to launch a space-based Internet service in the northern United States and Canada, with plans to expand globally by 2021.
A number of other private companies are working on space-based Internet services as well.
Amazon, OneWeb, and O3B (supposedly named for the ‘Other Three Billion’) are three of them, each employing a vast constellation of satellites in lower and intermediate Earth orbits.

India’s prospects:

Over 70% of rural Indians do not have access to the Internet, a condition that is especially concerning in light of the pandemic’s growing demand for digital integration in the domains of education and banking.
The availability of high-speed internet as a critical service delivery tool for citizens.
Every person has a digital identity that is unique, lifelong, online, and authenticable from cradle to tomb.
Boosting business:With high-speed internet, people in remote places may use their mobile phones to access banking services and benefit from the financial stability that comes with it.
In truth, mobile internet contributed $3.1 trillion to global GDP in 2015, lifting millions of people out of poverty.
Education: India’s higher education system is the world’s third largest in terms of absolute numbers, trailing only the United States and China.
Only a few educational institutions of higher learning, however, are equipped with the infrastructure necessary to provide high-quality instruction.
Even people who are unable to attend these prestigious colleges can benefit from high-speed broadband internet.
Healthcare:With satellite internet, professional doctors can watch patients remotely and aid in the early detection of a variety of medical conditions.
The presence of such preventative healthcare facilities can also help rural communities with their expenditures.
Smart Cities:The government’s Smart Cities Mission strives to improve the quality of life in the country’s crowded cities by leveraging cutting-edge technology.
Smart cities are anticipated to be filled with sensors that constantly monitor water and energy supplies, as well as air pollution levels in specific zones, and immediately alert concerned officials.
Smart Agriculture: Technology solutions can be built to monitor storage facilities across the country from a central location.
Vehicle tracking for agricultural produce transit can also help to improve the agriculture sector’s overall logistics.

Conclusion:

India has been on a technological transformation journey thanks to strong economic growth over the last few decades, increased R&D investments, and proactive policies.
As the country prepares for the future, it must first address the vast disparities in access to technology among its population.
Space Internet has the potential to revolutionize the way inhabitants of the country receive basic services such as banking, education, and healthcare.

Q3. According to John Rawls, what are the moral principles of international politics? (250 words)

Paper & Topic: GS IV à Ethics and Morality in International Relations:

Model Answer:

Introduction:

John Rawls’ universal definition of “justice as fairness” is well-known.
He prioritises the dignity of human life over Jeremy Bentham’s “maximum happiness of greatest number.”
“Each person has an inviolability based on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot overrule,” Rawls writes.
This notion can also be observed in his morals principles in international politics.

Body:

Any concept of international morality and justice, according to Rawls, must account for the fact that there is far more variance in worldviews – or acceptable pluralism – across civilizations than there is inside a single liberal society.
In terms of justice and morality, Rawls’ concept of originating position is useful.
The original position is a hypothetical scenario for allocating resources among society’s members.
People enter into social contracts with little knowledge of their own abilities or social standing (eg: how well off or worse they are in reality).
In such a situation, individuals will come up with ideals that are fair to everyone, including those who are the most disadvantaged.
Because they believe they are in a disadvantageous situation.

He proposes a second innovative position in international relations:

t’s used to figure out what kind of foreign policy liberals would prefer.
Representatives of people are shrouded in a veil of ignorance appropriate to the situation.
“They don’t know, for example, the size of the region, the population, or the relative strength of the people whose fundamental interests they represent,” Rawls asserts.
They are aware that generally favourable conditions exist that allow democracy to flourish, but they are unaware of the extent of their natural resources, the level of their economic growth, or any other relevant facts.
In this situation, people arrive at the eight principles for international politics that Rawls outlines.

The eight principles of Rawls that must be followed in international relations:

People are free and independent, and other people must respect their freedom and independence.
Treaties and commitments must be followed.
Everyone is on an equal footing and is a party to the agreements that bind them.
Individuals must adhere to a duty of non-intervention.
While people have the right to self-defense, they do not have the right to start wars for reasons other than self-defense.
Human rights must be respected.
In the conduct of war, people must adhere to specific constraints.
People have a responsibility to help others who are living in difficult circumstances that hinder them from having a just or decent political and social regime.

Rawls also predicts that three groups will be chosen:

One aimed at ensuring fair trade between peoples;
One that allows people to borrow from a cooperative financial organization; and
One that serves in a similar capacity as the United Nations, which he refers to as “a Confederation of Individuals (not states).”
He believes that better-off societies owe burdened societies a duty of aid in order to help them achieve the necessary degree of economic and social development in order to become well-ordered.
For example, developed countries provide $100 billion annually to tackle climate change and assist developing countries with technology and ability.
The World Food Programme’s humanitarian help for hunger and poverty, as well as states assisting one another during calamities and disasters, are examples of morality in international politics.
For example, in 2019, India was the first country to respond to Cyclone Idai in Mozambique, performing disaster relief and rescue efforts in the African country.

Conclusion: