The Prayas ePathshala

Exams आसान है !

18 August 2022

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MAINS DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS

Q1. Religious freedom, celebratory neutrality, and reformatory justice are the three strands that make up Indian secularism. Explain. (250 words)

Paper & Topic: GS I à Secularism

Model Answer:

Introduction:

  • The term “secularism,” which refers to the proper relationship between the state, the person, and religion, is interpreted differently in different communities, resulting in a variety of paradigms. The western form of secularism, which commonly considers the separation of state and religion to be secularism, differs from the Indian approach.
  • Rajeev Dhavan, a legal expert, divides Indian secularism into three parts: religious liberty, celebratory neutrality, and reformatory justice.

Body:

Background:

  • The Preamble of the 42nd Amendment Act was amended to include the term “secularism,” making the Indian state’s commitment to secularism more apparent.
  • The concept of secularism, on the other hand, may be found in the constitution’s many clauses.
  • Fundamental Rights, for example. Universal Adult Franchise’s directive principles. The Supreme Court proclaimed secularism to be the “basic structure” of the constitution in the S. R. Bommai case in 1994.

Indian model of Secularism:

  • The Indian model is neither religious neutral (DHARM-NIRPEKSTA) nor does it treat all religions equally (SARVA-DHARMA-SAMBHAVA).
  • The Indian paradigm, on the other hand, is based on the notion of ‘Principled Distance,’ which allows for flexibility in approach through differentiated treatment.
  • The Indian state includes or excludes religion depending on the situation, resulting in simultaneous engagement/disengagement between state and religion.
  • Religious Freedom: There are two ways in which the Indian Constitution protects religious freedom. It safeguards an individual’s right to profess, practise, and spread a religion, as well as any religious denomination’s ability to regulate its own affairs. This is covered under Articles 25 and 26 of the Constitution, respectively.
  • Celebratory neutrality: Celebratory neutrality refers to a state that supports the celebration of all faiths, both financially and otherwise.
  • The state contributes to the preservation and repair of well-known religious sites like as the Jama Masjid, the Somanath Temple, the Golden Temple, and prominent churches, among others.
  • The administration actively assists Moslems in performing the Haj, Hindus in visiting Manosarovar and Amarnath, and makes elaborate arrangements for the Kumbha mela and other religious meetings and celebrations.
  • Reformatory Justice entails regulating and reforming religious organisations and practises, as well as preserving some basic features that are not subject to legislation.
  • For example, consider the Sabarimala Judgement and the issue of necessary religious activities.
  • The supreme court, which is governed by sharia, banned Triple Talaq in 2017.
  • In the Shah Bano case, the court compelled a Muslim divorced lady to pay alimony.

Conclusion:

  • Thus, the Indian constitution recognises the notion of religious liberty, which includes the right to profess, practise, and spread religion, as well as the right to establish religious institutions and minority educational institutions (Art 25-Art 30). As a result, the state has played a role in religious freedom and celebratory neutrality. When it comes to rights, however, the judiciary has stepped in to support Reformative Justice.

Q2. Consider the value of technology in improving India’s dairy farming business. (250 words)

Paper & Topic: GS III à Indian Agriculture

Model Answer:

Introduction:

  • The White Revolution refers to a massive rise in milk supply achieved via joint efforts. India is still on the lookout for the next breakthrough in agricultural production and productivity, forty-eight years after Operation Flood, which made India the world’s greatest milk producer. White Revolution 2.0 has resurrected the outlook for product-market mix by implementing dairy enterprises’ marketing strategy for milk and milk products. India, on the other hand, has yet to enter the ranks of big milk exporting nations, as much of what we produce is consumed domestically.

Body:

India’s milk production:

  • In 2019, India became the world’s largest milk producer and consumer.
  • According to Niti Aayog, the country’s milk production will rise from 176 million metric tonnes (mt) to 330 million metric tonnes (mt) in 2033–34.
  • India now produces 17 percent of the world’s dairy products, surpassing the United States as the world’s largest dairy producer in 1998. All of this was made possible by Operation Flood, which began in the 1970s.
  • In 2017, the milk and dairy products business was valued at Rs7.9 lakh crore, according to market research firm IMARC.
  • The milk market alone was worth Rs3 lakh crore in 2016 and is expected to grow to Rs7.3 lakh crore by 2021.
  • In 2018-19, milk availability per capita was 394 grammes per day, compared to a global average of 302 grammes.
  • The country’s yearly milk output increased at a compound annual growth rate of 6.4 percent between 2016 and 2019.
  • India produces roughly 22 percent of the world’s milk, with an annual production of 187.75 million tonnes (as of 2018-19 data).

Obstacles encountered:

  • The output of Indian cattle and buffaloes is among the lowest in the world.
  • According to recent research, indigenous cows produce 3.01kg of milk per cow per day, but exotic crossbred cows produce 7.95kg.
  • This means that the average productivity output of indigenous cattle (including non-descript and high-yielding indigenous varieties) is only 1,099kg per animal per year, compared to 3,073kg per animal per year for cross-bred cattle.
  • Similarly, there is a scarcity of well-organized dairy farms, and a significant amount of investment is required to bring the dairy business up to international standards.
  • One of the key issues is increasing the productivity of farm animals.
  • Crossbreeding indigenous species with foreign stocks to improve the genetic potential of diverse species has only been partially effective.
  • The sector will likewise be subjected to severe market-wide adjustment pressures. Though globalisation will open up new opportunities for worldwide trade, strict food safety and quality standards will be essential.
  • Access to markets is crucial for commercialization to move forward quickly. Farmers may be discouraged from adopting upgraded technology and high-quality inputs due to a lack of market access.

How technology may help the dairy industry:

Biotechnology:

  • In the dairy sector, biotechnology is a relatively new field.
  • It is, nonetheless, being hailed as one of the most game-changing dairy technologies of the future.
  • Increased disease resistance in livestock, scientific feeding of cows, embryo transmit technology, artificial insemination, development of new molecules and vaccines for animal disease prevention and management, dairy enzymes/proteins/probiotics, food-grade bio-preservatives, and so on are all areas where dairy biotechnology has potential.

Technology for cross-breeding:

  • Because of advances in reproductive technology such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF), embryo transfer, and artificial insemination, crossbreeding has exploded in popularity.
  • IVF and artificial insemination have proven to be the most common and effective treatments among these.

Cattle Health Tracking Devices:

  • Cattle production, longevity, and reproductivity are all affected by health issues.
  • Farmers spend a lot of money on their cattle’s health and well-being every year. Farmers may measure, monitor, and manage cattle’s health, nutrition, behaviour, pregnancy, milking frequency, milk production anomalies, and activity level in real-time owing to wearable animal electronics that are similar to human fitness trackers.
  • The cattle’s ears, tail, legs, neck, or any other part of the body can be implanted with these smart animal trackers.
  • The Karnataka government implanted GPS-enabled digital chips in the ears of 56 lakh animals across the state last year in order to track their health and diagnose medical conditions early.
  • Machines that milk cows using robots:
  • Robotic milking robots allow farmers to reduce physical labour requirements, maintain a sanitary milking procedure, milk cows at any time of day rather than on a set schedule, and increase milk production.
  • Arms or cups with sensors can be fitted individually to the teats of cows in robotic milking equipment.
  • The sensors can tell if the cow or one of her teats is ready to be milked or not.

Freshness of Milk:

  • Milk is a perishable commodity. It has a tendency to go stale, despite pasteurisation, freezing, and other preservation methods.
  • Millions of tonnes of milk spoil before being consumed, resulting in waste.
  • Efforts are also being made to extend the shelf life of milk without the use of preservatives or additives.
  • Milk can now be detected for freshness and stored for longer periods of time thanks to advances in technology.

Feeding Administration:

  • Cattle feed requirements are determined by their health and the weather.
  • A sick or pregnant cow, for example, may require additional nutrients. Cattle require extra glucose in their feed when the weather is hot and humid.
  • To sustain maximum milk production throughout the year, a variety of feed technologies create tailored feed additives, supplements, premixes, and base mixes.
  • The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), for example, has developed bypass protein technology to provide specifically processed protein supplements that may be fed to cattle to boost milk yield and quality.

Technology for Supply Chain Management:

  • Due to its reliance on a number of elements such as storage temperature, cold chain availability, weather, perishability/shelf life, first and last-mile distance, packaging, and so on, the Indian dairy sector supply chain is highly complicated.
  • The supply chain problems are exacerbated by the fact that the Indian dairy industry is unstructured and fragmented.
  • In India, however, a number of technological advancements are being made in the dairy supply chain.

Measures that must be taken:

  • Increased market share is contingent on how dairy companies use their talents and resources in light of the opportunities and dangers posed by growing global economies.
  • In order to expand their outreach and “on-the-go” product positioning into the target market, contract/corporate dairying and burgeoning global dairy trade must enlist dairy supply chain players.
  • Dairy companies that use digital technology must discover relevant partners and rivals for co-creation via product-process innovation and relationship/value-based marketing.
  • Large dairy companies can bring in technology innovations in collaboration start-ups to improve the freshness of milk and the convenience of storing milk or milk products.
  • Small and medium-sized farmers receive education and training at the panchayat level.
  • Cattle production should be subsidised, and cattle markets should be encouraged.
  • Logistics facility for manufactured milk
  • Veterinary facilities have been improved, particularly in artificial cattle insemination.
  • Encouraging private-sector companies to buy dairy produced in rural areas
  • Small and medium-sized farmers can get low-interest loans to buy cattle.
  • Women in rural areas are being encouraged to pursue careers in animal husbandry.
  • Anthrax, Foot and Mouth, Peste des Ruminants, and other diseases are covered by livestock insurance.
  • Encourage the development of dairy entrepreneurs by providing efficient youth training at the village level, as well as dedicated leadership and professional administration of farmers’ institutions.
  • Agricultural techniques, cleanliness, drinking water and fodder quality, and pipeline type and quality must all be matched with the goal of producing healthy milk.

Conclusion:

  • Government efforts can help secure the dairy industry’s long-term viability while also boosting the incomes of millions of small and marginal dairy farmers. Linking animal husbandry, food processing, agriculture, research, and patents has the potential to transform India into a global nutritional powerhouse. Animal husbandry is India’s and the world’s urgent hope, certain goal, and urgent remedy.

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