The Prayas ePathshala

Exams आसान है !

Q1. Discuss the process of formation of cyclones and also discuss its preparedness and mitigation strategy.

Paper & Topic: GS I Geography

Model Answer:

Introduction:

About:

Tropical cyclones are powerful storm systems that form over tropical waters and hit land, bringing with them storm surge, torrential rain, and strong winds (squalls).
They are highly concentrated, erratic air currents that occur in low-pressure areas. The Coriolis force and the rapid rising of heated air are to blame for this confined airflow (whirling motion). The center’s low pressure is what is responsible for the swift winds.

Favourable conditions for the genesis of tropical cyclones:

Why do tropical cyclones not develop in the tropical eastern oceans?

To avoid deep convection currents churning and mixing the warmer water at the surface with the cooler water below, warm water (26–27°C) should extend 60–70 m beneath the surface of the ocean or sea.
The aforementioned event only occurs in western tropical oceans because warm ocean currents (easterly trade winds speed up ocean waters towards west) that flow from east to west and form a thick layer of water with temperatures around 27°C only occur there. As a result, the storm gets enough moisture.
The eastern tropical waters’ surface temperatures are lowered by the cold currents, which prevents cyclonic storm development.

Cyclone mitigation and preparation strategies:

In order to illustrate the frequency/probability of occurrences of different intensities or durations of cyclones, the results of the cyclone hazard assessment are projected on a map.
preparing a land use plan There should be land use rules and adherence to building codes.
Instead of being used for human settlement, vulnerable regions should be maintained as parks, grazing areas, or flood diversion sites.
Environment Built Here are some excellent traditional construction techniques: constructing houses on mud mounds or stilts.
Wind and water resistance is a requirement for buildings.
Food storage structures need to be shielded from the wind and water.
In locations where they are anticipated to occur regularly, cyclone shelters are required.
Due to their high cost, cyclone shelter construction frequently requires government funding or contributions from outside sources.
Your decision on where to place cyclone shelters will be aided by the use of a geographic information system.

Q2. What do you understand by Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM)? Also explain its challenges?

Paper & Topic: GS II Social Issues

Model Answer:

Context:

India ranked first among the nations in a 2020 research collating claims of online child sexual abuse content (CSAM). 19.87 lakh or 11.7% of all reports, or the bulk, originate in India.
Experts claim that the lockdowns would have made the CSAM problem worse.

Strategy against CSAM by India:

In 2013, Kamlesh Vaswani filed a lawsuit calling for the total ban of pornography. The advisory committee established under Section 88 of the IT Act issued a court decision directing Internet service providers to remove 9 URLs for hosting materials that violated Article 19’s morality and decency provision.
The IWF and the NGO Aarambh India, located in Mumbai, developed the nation’s first online portal for reporting photos and videos of child abuse in 2016. (An organisation that combats CSAM is called the Internet Watch Foundation.) The problematic URLs are chosen for banning after a knowledgeable staff evaluates the reports. Notably, only 122 of the 1,182 reports that were received up to 2018 contained CSAM.
The Home Affairs Ministry established a national reporting network for cybercrime in September 2018 to receive rape, gang rape, and child pornography accusations. Due to a lack of child porn and rape cases, the gateway was broadened to include all forms of cybercrime.

What are the difficulties?

According to the rules of the IT Act, it is illegal to watch, look for, share, and download child pornography in India. If they do not start the communication, ISPs are not responsible for any activities made by third parties.
This result was reached in the 2015 Shreya Singhal case because to the Supreme Court’s interpretation of Section 79(3)(b) of the IT Act, which states that ISPs may only remove or block access to illegal online information after receiving notification from the government or learning of a court order.
It is uncommon to have access to CSAM circulation reporting online.

What should be done?

The ninth research from the International Centre for Missing and Exploited Children, Child Sexual Abusive Material: Model Legislation & Global Review, was published in 2018. ISPs are required to disclose CSAMs in more than 30 nations, according to the statement. India is additionally mentioned (though the Indian law has no such provision).
States are allowed to establish legal person accountability under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child’s Optional Protocol. Both the Council of Europe’s Convention on Cybercrime and its Convention for the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse bind States to the same criteria.
India must join INHOPE and set up its own hotline before it can use Interpol’s safe system.

Conclusion:

It is crucial to protect children against exploitation, especially in light of the massive upheaval we are currently experiencing. The administration must carefully consider all of the options and decide on a course of action that is suitable for India’s circumstances.