Classical Languages of India

Classical Languages of India: Heritage and Recognition

UPSC Prelims GS Paper 1 and Mains GS Paper 1 (Indian Heritage and Culture).

Introduction

India’s cultural and linguistic diversity is vast, rich with ancient languages that have shaped literature, philosophy, religion, and science. The Government of India recognizes certain languages as “Classical Languages” based on specific criteria related to their antiquity, literary richness, uniqueness, and historical significance. This recognition helps preserve and promote these languages and their contributions to the Indian and global heritage.

Criteria for Classical Language Status

The Ministry of Culture, in 2014, outlined the following criteria to grant a language classical status:

• High antiquity: Early texts or recorded history spanning over 1500-2000 years.
• Extensive ancient literature: A rich body of ancient texts recognized as heritage by generations.
• Original literary tradition: The language’s literary heritage should be unique and not derived from another language.
• Distinctness: The classical form is distinct from its modern variants or offshoots.

Recognized Classical Languages of India

The languages accorded classical status till 2024 are:

• Tamil (2004): Over 2000 years of literary history with classic texts like Tirukkural and Silappathikaram.
• Sanskrit (2005): Over 3000 years old with foundational texts like the Vedas, Upanishads, and epics.
• Kannada (2008): Rich literary tradition over 1500 years with works such as Kavirajamarga.
• Telugu (2008): Over 1000 years of literary history featuring texts like Andhra Mahabharatam.
• Malayalam (2013): Literary history surpassing 1300 years with medieval scriptures and poetry.
• Odia (2014): Over 1000 years of heritage with influential manuscripts and temple inscriptions.

Newly Added Classical Languages (2024)

The Union Cabinet approved the addition of five more languages:

• Marathi
• Bengali
• Assamese
• Pali (language of Theravada Buddhist scriptures)
• Prakrit (an ancient language family with literary and historical significance)

Benefits of Classical Language Status

• Setting up Centres of Excellence for advanced research.
• Establishment of university chairs specializing in these languages.
• Instituting annual awards recognizing scholarly contributions.
• Encouraging preservation and propagation through state and central policies.

India’s classical languages are more than just ancient tongues; they are living testimonies to the country’s rich cultural, literary, and intellectual heritage. These languages preserve the wisdom, traditions, and knowledge of past civilizations and continue to influence modern Indian society in literature, philosophy, religion, and the arts. Recognizing and promoting these classical languages helps safeguard this invaluable heritage for future generations. It also encourages research, education, and cultural pride, strengthening India’s diverse identity and global standing.