Q1. What is mRNA (messenger RNA)?
(a) mRNA is a type of RNA that carries genetic information from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
(b) mRNA is a type of RNA that serves as a template for DNA replication.
(c) mRNA is a type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.
(d) mRNA is a type of RNA that functions in cell division.
Ans: (c)
Explanation:
- mRNA is a type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single-stranded RNA molecule that carries the genetic information for a protein from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it is translated into a protein. mRNA is transcribed from DNA during the process of transcription.
Q2. Which of the following statements about mRNA vaccines is correct?
(a) mRNA vaccines contain a weakened form of the virus they protect against.
(b) mRNA vaccines work by introducing a small piece of the virus’s genetic material into the body.
(c) mRNA vaccines require a live virus to be effective.
(d) mRNA vaccines have been in use for decades and have a long history of use in humans.
Ans: (b)
Explanation:
- mRNA vaccines work by introducing a small piece of the virus’s genetic material into the body.
- mRNA vaccines work by introducing a piece of mRNA into the body that encodes a protein from a virus or other pathogen. The body’s cells then produce the protein, which triggers an immune response. mRNA vaccines do not contain a weakened or inactivated form of the virus, and they do not require a live virus to be effective.
Q3. What is a key difference between DNA and RNA vaccines?
(a) DNA vaccines use a weakened form of the virus, while RNA vaccines use a killed virus.
(b) DNA vaccines are more effective at producing an immune response.
(c) DNA vaccines require a longer development timeline than RNA vaccines.
(d) DNA vaccines introduce a piece of the virus’s genetic material into the body, while RNA vaccines use a synthesized genetic sequence.
Ans: (d)
Explanation:
- DNA vaccines introduce a piece of the virus’s genetic material into the body, while RNA vaccines use a synthesized genetic sequence.
- Both DNA and RNA vaccines work by instructing the body’s cells to produce a protein from the virus or other pathogen that the vaccine is targeting. This protein then triggers an immune response, which prepares the body to fight the real virus if it is encountered.
- However, there are some key differences between DNA and RNA vaccines. DNA vaccines introduce a piece of the virus’s genetic material, in the form of DNA, into the body. This DNA is then transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into the protein that triggers the immune response.
- RNA vaccines, on the other hand, introduce directly into the body a synthesized mRNA sequence that encodes the protein that triggers the immune response. This means that RNA vaccines do not need to be transcribed into mRNA, which can make them more efficient and faster-acting than DNA vaccines.
Q4. Which of the following statements accurately compares DNA and RNA?
(a) DNA contains uracil as one of its bases, while RNA contains thymine.
(b) Both DNA and RNA are double-stranded molecules.
(c) DNA is typically single-stranded, while RNA is double-stranded.
(d) RNA is the genetic material in all living organisms.
Ans: (a)
Explanation:
- DNA contains uracil as one of its bases, while RNA contains thymine.
- DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids, which are molecules that store and transmit genetic information. They are both made up of four different nucleotides, each of which contains a phosphate group, a sugar group, and a nitrogenous base. The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). The four nitrogenous bases in RNA are adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
- The main difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is single-stranded. This means that DNA consists of two complementary strands that are held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases. RNA consists of a single strand that can fold back on itself to form complex three-dimensional structures.
- Another difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA contains uracil as one of its bases, while RNA contains thymine. Uracil is similar to thymine, but it lacks a methyl group.
- DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, with the exception of some viruses. RNA is involved in a variety of cellular processes, including protein synthesis, gene regulation, and immune response.
Q5. Which of the following statements about non-cognizable offences in the legal context is true?
(a) Non-cognizable offences can be investigated and registered by the police without a formal complaint from the victim.
(b) Non-cognizable offences are typically more serious crimes that result in severe penalties.
(c) In non-cognizable offences, the police require a warrant from a magistrate to make an arrest without a warrant.
(d) Non-cognizable offences are always tried in higher courts, such as the Supreme Court.
Ans: (c)
Explanation:
- Context: The 22nd Law Commission of India submitted a report which suggest amending Section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) to allow for online registration of FIRs (First Information Reports).
- non-cognizable offences are those offences for which a police officer cannot arrest the accused without a warrant and cannot initiate an investigation without the permission of a court.
